Is Corporal Punishment A Good Disciplinary Tactic

When a child gets out of line most parents in America will turn to their child and inflict a physical punishment on their child. Corporal punishment of children is seen to many people as being a great measure to stop the inappropriate behavior and to keep their children in line. Corporal punishment is socially accepted and widely practiced. Much like corporal punishment is assault. If an adult were to hit another adult that is assault which by the means of the law could put someone in jail because physical interactions are frowned upon by our society. That does not apply to children only in specific cases. Does the child get the right to choose whether they want to press charges on their parents? No. Hitting is Violence and the law is set†¦show more content†¦Corporal punishment can be traced as far back as the nineteenth century. Corporal punishment was used in schools to punish children, but since has been banned; due to its unnatural and cruel nature. There are currentl y 19 states in the United States that allow corporal punishment in schools; which are â€Å"Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming. Corporal punishment is most prevalent in Texas.†(19 States) However, the home is the most common place nowadays where corporal punishment is used. Parents spank/hit their child to keep them from misbehaving. Hitting children may actually increase misbehavior. One large study showed that the more parents spank children for rebellious behavior, the more the rebellious behavior increased. Corporal punishment can often cause injuries and trauma unnecessarily. Many acts of corporal punishment leave visible marks and bruises. Using corporal punishment could often evoke fear of the disciplinarian, which could potentially destroy the relationship between parent and child. The mental anguish, particularly for vulnerable students, can last a lifetime. This doesn’t have the effect of dealing with bad behavior. It can lead

Decision-Making in Pluralist, Hierarchical and Consensus...

Decision Making Process . Introduction Robbins (1998: 103) states that decisions are choices made from two or more alternatives. Decisions are made as a reaction to a problem. That is, there is a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state requiring consideration of alternative courses of action. This however requires any person in the position where he/she must make decisions to consider some aspects regarding decision-making. This not only includes relevant information but also the application of knowledge and/or skills to use this information to realize a decision. Decision making and its processes are†¦show more content†¦Such problems deserve special treatment.† Rowe and Boulgarides (1992: 16) on the other hand categorized decisions into three: (1) Routine decisions – involves the carrying out and following of an organizations goal, prescribed policies and/or rules; (2) Creative decisions – whereby new or novel approaches are needed to handle more complex problems; and (3) Negotiated decisions – occurring in situations where conflict in goals or approaches to problem solving need to be resolved by involving participants. Decision-Making Processes in a Hierarchical Political System . Hierarchy, per Encyclopaedia Britannica’s definition, is â€Å"[†¦] a ranking of positions of authority, often associated with a chain of command and control. The term is derived from the Greek words hieros (â€Å"sacred†) and archein (â€Å"rule† or â€Å"order†).† Combining the two words, hierarchy can be termed as â€Å"a sacred rule or order†. A hierarchy tries to place mankind in a class order within a structure order, often defined by laws, customs, rules or conduct or other forms of structuring mechanism. Hierarchies are used to make decisions in rational ways, to avoid confusion, to order people around in a way that operates efficiently, and for other reasons. Hierarchy is as old as human existence on the planet earth.Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Theroy2285 Words   |  10 PagesTopic 4: Power, Resistance and Decision Making Developed by Dr. Ruth Barton Dr. Margaret Heffernan, OAM RMIT University Aims of the lecture Questions of power Hoe power works; 4 faces of power Resistance and control Types of resistance Decision making Theories of decision making; factors that enhance and limit decision making RMIT University ©2012 2 Questions of Power Who has power? How is influence achieved? What is power? 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Comparing Criminal Justice Systems Venezuela vs Denmark Free Essays

string(89) " principle of legality in the Administration, and to assume the defense of human rights\." Background Denmark The small, European country of Denmark lies just on the border of the North and Baltic Seas upon the peninsula of Germany, also flanked by Norway and Sweden. It is less than twice the size of Massachusetts at 43,094 square kilometers. The weather is generally temperate, humid and overcast with windy winters and cool summers. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: Venezuela vs Denmark or any similar topic only for you Order Now Denmark’s natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand. Denmark has a population of 5,484,723 with 65. 9% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old. The population growth rate is 0. 95%; they have a birth rate of 10. 71 per 1000 people and a death rate of 10. 25. The migration rate is 2. 49 per 1000 people and the residents have a life expectancy of 78. 13 years. The nationality of the people of Denmark is Dane, or Danish. The Danish ethnic groups include Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, and Somali. As far as religious beliefs, 95% of Denmark are Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Christian including Protestant and Roman Catholic and 3% Muslim. The main languages spoken are Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic and German and the predominant second language is English. The Danes have a 99% literacy rate and the school life expectancy is 17 years. (CIA: World Fact book) Venezuela Venezuela is a much larger country of 912,050 square kilometers and population 26,414,816 in Northern South America bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. It lies flush with Columbia, Brazil and Guyana. It is slightly more than twice the size of California with a tropical climate—hot and humid. 63. 8% of the population is between the ages of 15 and 64 years old. The population growth rate is 1. 98% with a birth rate of 20. 92 per 1000 population and 5. 1 deaths per 1000 population. The net migration rate is -. 084 per 1000 population and their life expectancy from birth is 73. 45 years. Their nationality is Venezuelan and their ethnic groups are Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people; Spanish is the official language. 96% of Venezuela is nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant and 2% other religions entirely. 93% of Venezuelans are literate and the average school expectancy rate is 12 years. Law Denmark Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, with the Queen fulfilling the role of head of state, and the government formed out of the parliament. Denmark has a unicameral (single chamber) parliament, with deputies elected through a system of proportional representation, though each member also represents a constituency. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Demark) The political system of Denmark is a multi-party structure, where several parties are represented in the Parliament. Danish governments are most often minority administrations, governing with the aid of one or more supporting parties. This means that Danish politics are characterized by inter-party compromising. Since 1909 no single party has had the majority of parliamentary seats. A popularly elected parliament, Folketinget, governs the country and the prime minister, the nation’s chief political officer, usually comes from the ranks of the majority party. The Faroe Islands and Greenland come under nominal rule from Denmark. (Visit Denmark) The capital of Denmark is Copenhagen and the chief of state is Queen Margrethe II since January 14, 1972, and Heir Apparent Crown Prince Frederik, the eldest son of the monarch. The head of the government is Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen since 27 November 2001. The monarch is hereditary, however following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the monarch for life terms. Criminal offenses are defined either in the special part of the Criminal Code or in separate statutes. The general conditions for imposing criminal penalties are found in the general part of the Criminal Code which also apply to separate statutes. The sanctions described in the general part of the Criminal Code are the same whether the criminal offense consists of a violation of the Criminal Code or of separate statutes. The substantive Danish criminal law is monistic, meaning that violations of the law never have been divided into categories like felony/misdemeanor, crime/delicts or the like. It does not mean, however, that major offenses are treated in the same manner as petty offenses in all respects. (Ravn, Lene) The age of criminal responsibility is 15 years old. According to the Criminal Code the mere possession of narcotic drugs is criminalized. However, the law is not enforced regarding possession of very small amounts meant for the drug addict’s own consumption. Possession and selling is penalized in a special law on drugs containing the possibility of imprisonment for a period of up to two years. Serious cases of trafficking of drugs are punished with imprisonment within a range of one month to ten years according to the Criminal Code. Venezuela Venezuela’s political system is a Federal Republic. The current Venezuelan constitution was adopted in 1999. Important changes were made regarding the structure of the government as well as in human rights and community participation. Since the approval by referendum of this constitution, the government consists of five branches, the Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Citizen and Electoral. The Executive Branch: The President and his cabinet. The President is elected by universal, direct and secret ballot for a six-year term. The President may be re-elected for one additional consecutive term only. Legislative: One chamber National Assembly composed by 165 deputies elected for a five- year term. Deputies may be re-elected for up to one additional consecutive term. Judiciary: The new constitution renamed the Supreme Court as the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. Justices are nominated by the civil society. Final appointment requires the approval of at least two thirds of the legislative branch. The Citizens Branch: Created to safeguard public ethics, to ensure respect for the principle of legality in the Administration, and to assume the defense of human rights. You read "Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: Venezuela vs Denmark" in category "Papers" The Ombudsman or Defender of the People, the Attorney General and the Comptroller General form this power The Electoral Branch: This authority is independent from other Government Branches and is appointed by nominations from the civil society. Administrative Division: 22 states, 1 federal district and the federal dependencies. State Governors are elected for a four-year term and may be re-elected for one additional consecutive term only. Most Venezuelans are Roman Catholic. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. All faiths have churches and people may worship freely. Venezuela’s people result from the mingling of European, Amerindian, and African cultures. Traditionally a haven for people of all origins, Venezuela received large waves of immigrants from Europe following World War II and from other Latin American and Caribbean nations during the 1970s. (Embassy) The Venezuelan chief of state and head of government is President Hugo Chavez Frias since February 3, 1999. The Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo Carrizalez Rengifo since 4 January 2008. The Venezuelan Penal Code distinguishes between crimes, punishable by imprisonment, and misdemeanors (faltas), punishable by arrests or fines. In the Penal Code, crimes are classified by major types, as follows: * Crimes against national sovereignty and national security — treason; crimes against national and state government; crimes against international law * Crimes against liberty — crimes against political, personal, religious freedom, etc. Corruption — these are defined in a special anti-corruption law, enacted in 1982 * Crimes against the administration of justice — simulating crimes, false testimony, collusion, concealment, etc. * Crimes against public order — conspiracy to commit crime; incitement to crime; manufacture and carrying of weapons, etc. * For gery — false currency; forged seals, fiscal stamps, documents, passports, licenses, etc. * Crimes against public and private interests — arson, causing floods, etc. gainst public health and nutrition * Crimes against public morals and the family — rape, seduction, prostitution, corrupting minors, adultery, bigamy, etc. * Crimes against persons — homicide, battery, abortion, abandoning children, slander, etc. * Crimes against property — theft, robbery, extortion, kidnapping, fraud, etc. (Birkbeck, Christopher) Until 1998, the age of criminal responsibility was 18. In that year, a new Children’s Code (Venezuela, 1998c) established criminal responsibility for adolescents (ages 12 to 17). However, the adolescent criminal justice system is administratively separate from the adult criminal justice system. Adolescents who turn 18 during adjudication or sentencing continue under the adolescent justice system. (Birkbeck) Police Denmark The state police is a department of the Ministry of Justice. There is no longer a municipal police and the military police only has authority over soldiers according to the Military Criminal Code. Denmark is divided into 54 police districts (excluding the Faeroe Islands and Greenland), each headed by a local chief of police. The National Commissioner reports to the Minister of Justice. For administrative purposes the police are subdivided into plain-clothes criminal investigators, uniformed patrolmen, traffic police officers, immigration police, and other categories. (Ravn) The common police of Denmark consist of 12 districts each managed by a director and two minor districts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands, run by a chief of police. The mission statement of the Danish police is as follows: The police must work in order to ensure security, safety, peace and order in the society. The police must promote this purpose through preventive, helping and enforcing work. In addition to the regular districts, there are three other organizations that work outside the common police. Rigspolitiet is the state national police for Denmark. Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, also called PET, is the national security intelligence agency of Denmark. The agency focuses solely upon domestic security while foreign intelligence operations are handled by Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste – an intelligence branch under the Danish military. The stated overall purpose of PET is to prevent, investigate and counter operations and activities that pose or may pose a threat to the preservation of Denmark as a free, democratic and safe country. The three main duties of the PET are counter terrorism, counter extremism and counter espionage. Politiets Aktionsstyrke (AKS) is the Special Forces unit of the Danish police; a national SWAT team. It is meant to handle extraordinarily difficult or life-threatening criminal situations, such as terrorism, hostage situations, and kidnapping. It also deals with emergency rescue situations that would be too dangerous for others to handle. The AKS holds responsibility for all anti-terror and counter-terrorism missions in Denmark. (Wikipedia) New recruits are required to be in good physical condition; good personal and economic condition, and should have achieved good grades in school. New recruits are usually required to be between 21 and 29 years of age, of Danish citizenship or have applied for Danish nationality/citizenship, and without any convictions. The basic training of police personnel takes 3 years. The training comprises both school education and training of a more practical nature. School education, which consists of 2 courses of 8 months each, takes place at the Police Academy in Copenhagen. The rest of the training time is spent on the job. The Police Academy also presents special courses and leadership courses. All chiefs of police hold a master’s degree in law from a university. (Ravn) Venezuela The national Venezuelan police are the Cuerpo Tecnico de Policia Judicial, or PTJ. They were founded almost immediately after the overthrow of Dictator Marcos Perez Jiminez in 1958. The PTJ is the primary judicial police force in the country, charged with the reception of crime reports made by citizens, the investigation of crimes, gathering of evidence and arrest of suspects. In all these tasks, the PTJ is subordinated to the public prosecutor’s office. Administratively, the PTJ is attached to the Ministry of the Interior and Justice. The national headquarters are in Caracas, and there is one office in each state capital, with additional offices in some other cities. The PTJ’s name was recently changed to the National Directorate of Criminal Investigation. The traffic police (Cuerpo Tecnico de Vigilancia del Transito y Transporte Terrestre), administratively attached to the Ministry of Infrastructure, are responsible for surveillance, preliminary investigation and occasionally arresting suspects, in traffic offenses that involve violations of the criminal law. The state police are responsible for patrol work and public order, arrests (when offenders are caught in the act), and community service. They may also serve as auxiliary judicial police. Each force is regulated by a local Police Code. To further complicate the institutional environment, state police forces are also coordinated by an office in the Ministry of the Interior and Justice that compiles selected statistics and sets guidelines for internal procedures. Beginning in 1990, wealthier municipalities in the country’s largest cities set up municipal police forces. By July 2001, there were 77 municipal forces in the country. They are attached to the mayors’ offices and regulated by the state’s Police Code and by municipal ordinance. With so many different uniformed police forces, there are obviously difficulties in coordination and efficiency. For that reason, since at least 1977 there have been diverse proposals to create a unified national police force. The most recent is the National Police Law, which is currently being debated in the National Assembly. This law would join all uniformed police forces (state, Capital District, municipal), together with the traffic police, into one national force. (Birkbeck) Courts Denmark The independent courts constitute a part of the division of power in Denmark. Generally speaking, cases are dealt with in the first instance by a local or city court; appeals against the judgments of city courts are made to one of the country’s two High Courts. A few big cases and cases touching on administrative matters are dealt with by one of the high courts in the first instance. The highest court in Denmark is the Supreme Court, and the Queen appoints judges. (Ministry) The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark, consisting of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, does not have a single unified judicial system – Denmark has one system, Greenland another and the Faroe Island a third. However, ecisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. Venezuela Venezuela has three types of main courts: Trial courts: The 395 trial courts are divided into first instance trial courts and instructional criminal courts. In addition, 667 departmental and municipal courts are assigned the lowest level cases. Superior Courts: There are 173 Superior courts that primarily act as interme diate appellate courts. The dispersion of these courts throughout the country is based on population and political needs. Supreme Court: The Supreme Court is the court of last resort. It is composed of 15 justices who each serve a nine-year term. This Court is divided into three chambers: civil, criminal, and civil rights. (Salas, Luis) They also have several types of special courts: Military Courts: Military courts exercise a considerable amount of authority since their jurisdiction extends to all crimes committed by members of the armed forces and on-duty police officers. Many persons have criticized this system, viewing it as a barrier to the successful prosecution of human rights abuses committed by the police and military. Military courts extend their jurisdiction to civilians accused of crimes under the military code, for example treason or subversion. Anti-corruption Court: The anti-corruption court (Tribunal de Salvaguardia Del Patrimonio Publico) was established with specific and sometimes extraordinary powers, to investigate and punish corruption. While corruption cases may be tried in the first instance by the traditional court system, these special courts have second instance jurisdiction. They also serve as trial courts for cases involving corruption by high-level officials. Even though their jurisdictional powers are extensive, they have been afforded meager resources to carry out their responsibilities. Family/Juvenile Courts: Another set of courts handle family matters and juvenile cases. Juveniles are processed through special courts and then remanded to juvenile correctional facilities. (Salas) Corrections Denmark In Denmark, the correctional service controls 15 prisons, one institution for inmates needing psychiatric treatment, and 40 local jails. Five of the prisons and the psychiatric institution are closed in that they are secured by an external ring wall as well as by internal precautions like secured buildings, and electronic security systems combined with relatively dense staffing. The staff does not carry arms. Being used as remand detention institutions, the local jails are also closed. The remaining nine prisons are open institutions which actually means that the inmates are physically able to leave the institution. Two of the closed prisons have both male and female inmates. In one of these prisons there is cohabitation between men and women within units. There are also two open prison departments for women. While serving his sentence the inmate is obliged to work for which he is paid a small hourly salary. The prison administration tries to ensure that the working places equate those found in modern society. In order to encourage inmates to educate themselves the same amount is paid to inmates who choose to go to the prison school instead of going to work. The prison provides health care and necessary dental care. Sick inmates will be hospitalized in ordinary hospitals. The policies of the correctional service are governed by the following three principles: A. Normalization. As a starting point the inmate is placed in the open prison closest to his home in order to preserve family contacts and to pave the way for a gradual release from the prison. There must be specific reasons for instituting control of inmates’ correspondence. Visits by next-of-kin take place in secluded visiting rooms with a couch. In the open prisons weekend leaves are granted every third week to prisoners with a low risk of recidivism. A prisoner in a closed institution may obtain similar rights to weekend leave when he has served one fourth of his sentence. At some time during incarceration about one third of the prisoners in closed prisons are granted occasional leaves. The total number of leaves per year is about 57,000. More than half of these are so-called work leaves where an inmate leaves the prison to go to work or to take part in educational activities in society. B. Self-administration. The inmate is responsible for his own daily life. Important elements of this approach are that food must be bought and cooked by the inmate to which end he is paid a fixed amount of money per day. The inmate is also responsible for his personal hygiene, clothes’ laundry and repair. The prison encourages the inmates to make meaningful use of leisure hours by providing opportunity for sports and other structuralized activities. C. Release on parole and after-care. According to a provision of the Criminal Code more than 90% of the inmates are released on parole after having served two thirds of their sentences. Almost 10% of these will be released after serving between one half and two thirds of the time, due to special grounds. Royal pardon is possible according to the Constitution, but rare. Outside of imprisonment for life which necessitates the use of pardoning, royal pardon is more commonly used in connection with short-term sentences where the convicted cannot endure the prison stay because of severe illness or the like. In such cases the pardon is normally conditioned on the payment of a fine. (Dr. Winslow, Robert) Venezuela Typical penalties in Venezuela include fines, restitution, probation, and incarceration. Some crimes carry mandatory prison sentences which prohibit early release. The death penalty in Venezuela was abolished in the mid 1860s. The prison population in Venezuela is 40% over its stated capacity. Overcrowding is regarded as a primary factor in the high level of violence within prisons, which resulted in an average of 3 prisoner deaths per week in 1992. Venezuela, like many of its Latin American countries, has incorporated the United Nation’s â€Å"Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners† in its national legislation. However, a recent human rights director of the Venezuelan Attorney General’s Office has criticized the conditions of the nation’s prisons. As a consequence of government neglect, the prisoners live in overcrowded and unhealthy quarters, without access to education, and lacking incentives to seek jobs once they are released. (Salas) References Birkbeck, Christopher Venezuela World Fact Book of Criminal Justice Systems http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfcjsvz. txt CIA: World Fact Book https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/da. html Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela In the United States of America http://www. embavenezus. org/? pagina=kids. venezuela/political. system. tm=Venezuela%20for%20Kids Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark http://www. ambmoskva. um. dk/en/menu/InfoDenmark/danish+political+and+social+affairs/ Ravn, Lene Denmark World Fact Book of Criminal Justice Systems http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjden. txt Salas, Luis Florida International University Venezuela World Fact Book of Criminal Justice http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjve n. txt Visit Denmark http://www. visitdenmark. com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/turistinformation/fakta-az/ Wikipedia www. en. wikipedia. org Dr. Winslow, Robert San Diego State University Crime and Society How to cite Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: Venezuela vs Denmark, Papers

Contemporary Society Task

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Society Task. Answer: Contemporary Society Inequalities in Women Gender relations have been characterised through inequality that has historical roots in gender roles within the society. The productive and reproductive roles sharing among men and women have led to the description of women as lesser sex which makes men dominant. This has described men as the head of society and thus having privileges over women. Socialization processes and religion have been used t suppress women an issue that feminists have deeply contested. Religion is one of the institutions in the society that cannot be done away with[1]. Different religions have different understanding and teachings that they base on the position of women in society. However Islamic religion has been on the spotlight on how the ideologies that are based in Islam have been used to oppress the rights of women and their place in society. This religion has made men dominate the Islamic world with women having very few privileges that they can use to exercise their rights and freedoms. The religion dictates the way a woman should carry herself around and defines the place that she holds in society. According to Islam women belong to men and are deemed inferior thus have no authority over women[2]. Rreligion has defined the place of women through misinterpretation of scripture verses that have continued to influence the life of women. She argues that Islamic laws are made by men and thus the result is a male dominated law that promotes the rights of men while suppressing women. These laws and scriptures are used by men to gain popular support and in defence to ensure political, social and economic disempowerment of women. Haram and Aib have been used inappropriately to challenge women and proof the domination of men. Murabit therefore argues that there are women leaders who have overcome all the odds and managed to climb the ladder in society. The presenter therefore argues that promoting rights of women through using alternative means can help women reclaim their position in society. Through using religious scriptures to speak to people in mosques, schools and all public places can help change the society and how they view and treat women. The Libyan revolution of 2011 led a cultural shift that led to the involvement of women in decision making. Therefore women must not remain silent but fight for the promotion of rights of women through caging liberal and conservative views that the Islamic society has on women Where to Train the World are Doctors? Cuba The change of Havana campus from a military centre to a medical training centre changed the world of medicine around the world today over 123 countries in the world are sending their students to learn in this university. Lack of access to resources and infrastructure keep poor students who have dreams away from being part of the world. However the involvement of opportunities for poor indigenous people has changed the society and led to the improvement of local facilities[3]. Training is a key element that ensures professional are able to execute responsibilities that their professionals for. Today the world has a shortage of medical staff and caregivers all with the US being one of the countries that has a shortage of healthcare staff. Many countries have developed healthcare reforms aimed at achieving universal healthcare for all. However they have failed to put appropriate infrastructure that can see the transition and effectiveness of these reforms. Gail reed in Ted talk suggests that there are many graduate in medical filed who are not practising medicine in the public sector because governments have not made the public sector better for the doctor to work[4]. Many doctors find it difficult to work in the public sector despite the fact that it is the place where poor people get treated. Statistics show that half the numbers of graduates are in the public sector, a quarter in the private sector and the remaining quarter while the rest work abroad. Cuba is one of the countries that have the best training for the doctors in the whole word. Training for a duct in Cuba is based on using minimal resources to achieve results. In Cuba the training has moved from the ivory tower to rural villages where community based learning takes place. Students treat the whole course differently relating it to the mind and body in the context of their families and culture. Majority of the doctors are in the public sector with initiatives in improving the public through prevention of diseases. Further graduate doctors share their knowledge with nurses rather than replacing them, where nurses also become aware of the whole medical process[5]. To improve the society, doctors need to be accommodated in society through being given a chance to practice their skills. Governments have to support the doctor through providing infrastructure that can improve society. Protecting the Ocean The world is suffering from drastic ecological challenges that are as a result of activities that human beings engage in. this activities generate a lot of wastes that end up in the oceans and threaten the only ecological zone that exists. Adrian Midwood argues that people have to take steps to make change in the world today or sit here and regret not having taken a step. Adrian Midwood has come up with a small company aimed at providing ocean certified activities that protect the ocean. They create jobs through cleaning up the ocean and islands by ensuring that plastics are separated from entering the ocean. Through the company they have involved the community by creating solidified acid clothing that enables achieving 85% less energy efficiencies, 60% less sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere and 90% less water[6]. The world uses plastics as a major packaging elements which are disposed off into the atmosphere and ending up in oceans. This plastics cannot decompose and thus when they reach the ocean, they will stay there forever. Many businesses have not taken up the initiative of a plastic free environment but rather massively participating in plastic pollution. This threat however can be controlled through proper disposals and recycling of the materials. Midwood has started the company that not only recycles plastics but also creates awareness on how the population should approach the pollution issues. Therefore the world has to take steps that will ensure that people are able to take the choices they want that will change the world and explore the way that can be used to protect the environment[7]. Globalization and Changing of Boundaries The world state boundaries began with 50 countries before territories were established to create over 200coutries that exist. Today countries have grouped themselves in regions that are used to define strategic benefits. Europe has developed the EU which ensures that countries that fall within Europe are enjoying privileges like the Euro and free markets within the region. Therefore borders in countries are being used as an advantage based on the resources that a country has. Countries that have oil and major minerals protect their boundaries to ensure the resources remain in the country[8]. Today the borders that exist in the word mean nothing due to globalization. Borders are based on distribution geography. However, religion, culture, resources and technology interact to shape the world. Globalization is a force that has led to trans-planetary connections between countries and regions of the worlds. Jan Aart Scholte argues that the state has lost its territorial boundary due to increased globalization with nations answering to responsibilities that are beyond their territories. Countries that are dominating the world today like China, Pakistan exist because of the resources that exist within the country[9]. Today countries are identifying themselves with regions depending n what they want to achieve. Europe Is putting its money where its mouth is and thus countries that are in the EU are there because of the economic benefits that they derive from the EU. However, countries like Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Russia are not part of the EU but part of the sphere within force. They are using regional advantages like the Euro to transact only. Therefore borders are going to change and new countries born. Asia is one of the areas that this will start. Rebels in Pakistan and Afghanistan can change the region and lead to a new country that will control resources. In Africa Sudan has three wars that may change the country and lead into three countries. In the arctic sea bed circle there is a race for green energy between Canada, Russia, USA, and Greenland. Therefore geopolitics will change the world since the world defines the changes to achieve equilibrium. Therefore focussing on cross borders c hanges and infrastructure lines will change the world and form new lines that will lead to development of new countries. Therefore globalization has defined the world and made territorial boundaries unnecessary for the world. Countries and regions are splitting and forming global boundaries that are based on resources that exist within the territories. This means that more countries are going to develop with the fight for resources and the need to control interests in the world[10]. References Almurabit, Alaa. What my religion says about women. Prod. Tedwomen. may 2015. retrived from https://www.ted.com/talks/alaa_murabit_what_my_religion_really_says_about_women Arvanitakis, James. Sociologic Analysing Everyday Life and Culture. London: Oxfrd university press, 2015. Khanna, Parag. Mapping the future of countries. 2016. retrived from https://www.ted.com/talks/parag_khanna_maps_the_future_of_countries Midwood, Adrian. "Beyond the Coastlines." you tube. 2015. retrived from https://youtu.be/Nvw0reB1gpI Reed, Gail. Where to train the world's doctors in Cuba. 2016. retrived from https://www.ted.com/talks/gail_reed_where_to_train_the_world_s_doctors_cuba

The role of Women in Frankenstein

Introduction Mary Shelley began her writing career at the tender age of 10 years. This was partly due to the influence of her father William Godwin who was an established writer and a political journalist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Women in Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mary’s mother, Mary Wollstonecraft had died when her daughter was only ten days old owing to childbirth complications. Mary’s labor pains had lasted a record 18 hours and required four more hours to remove the afterbirth. After her demise, the young child who had been named after her late mother grew up under the custodian of her father and his friends. At a young age of 21 years, Mary’s first book Frankenstein was published and it became an instant success. This was partly due to its representation of the feminine gender. Mary borrowed heavily from the writings of her mother who had also been an established writer. All the women in Frankenstein are presented as being beautiful, submissive and virtuous regardless of the position they hold in the society. The first female character that the writer introduces to us is Caroline Beaufort. This character is used as a representation of the other female characters in the novel. When we meet Caroline, she is tending to her invalid father â€Å"with the greatest tenderness.† This means that Caroline is a dedicated woman who is ready to help her family members. After the death of her father, Caroline’s courage rises â€Å"to support her in adversity.† This shows that the woman presented to us has a strong character that enables her to deal with the enormous loss in her life. This lack of weakness in her character leads Frankenstein’s father to marry her. Caroline’s ability to evoke love from those around her becomes a common trait among all the women in the narration. Frankenstein’s father seems to have a kind of â€Å"reverence† for her virtues something that suggests to us that she must have been a religious person. Her strong character is displayed even at the point of her death. This demonstrates how women conducted themselves in trying moments. According to the writer, their â€Å"fortitude and benignity† does not leave them even when they are staring death. Another woman whom we encounter in the novel is Elizabeth. From the description that we first get of her, one does not fail to realize that Elizabeth has the same character as Beaufort. Elizabeth introduces her as â€Å"a being heaven sent,† which implies that she is a great help to her and her family. In fact, Beaufort continues to claim that Elizabeth is a blessing to the whole family. Her complexion and beauty which is â€Å"fairer than pictured cherub† does not blur her character.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More What the writer wants to bring out in this passage is that the women in question lean more on their character than their beauty. One thing that we learn through Elizabeth and Frankenstein’s mother is that the women in the book heavily rely on the men in their lives for provision. By the time that this book was published, women were less valued in the society and this might be one reason why the writer chose to present women as playing supportive roles to men. Frankenstein confesses that he looked â€Å"upon Elizabeth as mine,† showing how women were viewed as men’s property at the time. This desire for the woman to be owned proves that they were weak in the physical sense. Even though they had a strong character, they still needed the assurance of a man. The final female character whom we encounter in the book is Justine. Justine is Frankenstein’s house cleaner and she represents the ideal misrepresentation of w omen in the book. While Elizabeth is still alive, she refers to Justine as â€Å"softness and winning mildness.† It is fascinating to notice how a woman heaps praise on another for her submissiveness. In fact, all the women in the book are praised for their passive nature and especially toward men and the authority. When Justine is taken to court for a crime that she has not committed, she gladly accepts her punishment although she knows that she is innocent of any wrongdoing. This passiveness in her nature can either be looked on the angle of her being a woman or for being a lowly house cleaner. During the time, the rich despised the lower class and women were considered as second-class citizens. This combination might have contributed to the passiveness witnessed in all the women in the story. Like all the other women, Justine is presented as â€Å"very clever and gentle, and extremely pretty.† Despite her beauty, she still maintains her character, which is more desi rable among the women. Conclusion The view of women is a key component of the book. All the women in the book are presented as possessing physical beauty but they disregard it in favour of their spiritual and inner beauty. The writer of the book presents women as submissive creatures who rely on men for provision and protection. By looking at the upbringing of Shelley, one fails to understand where she drew her inspiration from since she grew in a very different background where she had to fight to get everything. One therefore realizes that the writer must have been avoiding risking disagreements just for the sake of it. The female characters therefore help us to understand the character of Frankenstein and to provoke the reader tragedy of him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Women in Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The role of Women in Frankenstein was written and submitted by user Selena Kirk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Innovation in Business essay Innovation is the process of creating new, improved, and more effective products, services, ideas and products. Innovation is essential in business to sustain survival and growth of the business a highly dynamic and unpredictable markets. In the case study, the innovation process of the product started with a trigger or the need for a product that would suit a given purpose. The need was to have a product that would mark and provide easy reference to pages of hymnal. This trigger was not part of the business system and created the need to have a product of given characteristics. The product needed to be superior to the present bookmark, which could not serve the purpose. The other characteristic is that the product needed to maintain the state of the pages. After identification of the problem, the executive explored the available resources that could help solve the problem (Claiborne, 2007). This created an avenue for creative thinking and design for the resources that could create a product of the desired characteristics. The research team assisted in the identification of this resource or raw material to be used. The research team argues that the resource was underutilized because it was not fit for its primary purpose. This is an example how innovation can revive and improve on old and unused products into profitable state. The next stage in the innovation is the creation of prototype batch and testing or the application of the product in the market and market response. In this stage, the manger realized the product had many uses apart from bookmarking pages. In that line, he ordered the production of more sample to test these new uses through giving the new product to the secretaries. In that manner, the innovator realized the potential power of the product and this stage provided a room for review and improvement in casethe product needed such refinement (Claiborne, 2007). The last stage in the process is release of the product into the market. The manager decided to cut off the sample supply of the product and instead ordered for them placement of orders for the product in the marketing a nd production department. In exploring other uses of the product, the manager tested his new product using the secretaries of the company. In this move, the manger tested the product to identify its potential in the market. This testing provided room for feedback that would help improves the product to best achieve high potential (Claiborne, 2007). The secretaries acted as the potential customers of the product. They would provide detailed and relevant information about the product by its target customers of the product. In synthesis innovation existing ideas are put together to came up with a unique product into the market. This innovation is a synthesis; this is because the manger used a combination of existing concepts to come up with a new formulation and product. The existing factors include the adhesive that had not been due to inefficiency. Another factor that contributed the innovation is the presence of bookmarks that would have served the purpose. The bookmarks had one disadvantage of falling off from the pages (Drucker, 1999). These factors gave the characteristics of the product to be invented. First, it was to act like a bookmark in marking and identifying pages and second it was to have a mechanism of sticking onto the page so that it does not fall off. A piece of paper gave or had the characteristic of a bookmark and the adhesive would stick it onto the page. Not all adhesives would work, but only those that would maintain the quality of the page without tearing it. If the product once stack would remain in position, but not permanently. The manger synthhesized these concepts and came up with the product of post it notes. All the essential concepts of the product existed already, and none was freshly invented. The sources of innovation ideas in this case are the head of the business unit. The manger initiated the innovative process by identifying a need. Though the need was external it finally got back to the business, employees also provided another source of information. The first group of employees that provided information is that of the research and production department. They provided an insight on the products manufacturing and production possibilities. This innovation would not materialize if they had not provided that information to the manger. The information from the research department built on the success of innovation by enabling production. Secretaries are the other set of employees that provided information on this innovation. Their usage of the new product provided an insight on the possible performance of the product in the market (Drucker, 1999). They high demand of the product by secretaries of the companies departments predicted the potential and expounded on the produ cts usage application. Even though not indicated this acted as a road test for the product, after closing the free supply the manager assessed the effectiveness of cost application on the product before its releases into the market. All the sources formed a chain that the last product was a successful product innovation. In addition to that, the secretaries of departments acted as customers in providing information on the first product. This is because they apparently acted as the end users of the product. Information provided by customers includes improvements and modification of the product to best suit the different uses it intends to serve. It also provided an opportunity to identify any short falls of the product. 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Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate Dissertation

Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is corporal punishment as use of physical force to elicit pain or discomfort, but not injury, to correct or punish a particular behavior of a child. Strength of physical force may vary from just a light slap to spanking or lashing with some object. In literature spanking, beating, whipping hitting and other euphemisms has been used for corporal punishment. There are basically three different levels at which corporal punishment are instituted. At a domestic level it involves families where children are punished either by their parents or other senior members of family. At a school level children are disciplined using corporal punishment mostly by the principle of that institution or sometimes by the teachers themselves. The third level is the judicial level where court sentence some form of corporal punishment to modify the anti-social behavior of a criminal. Corporal punishment is an ancient trend. It was associated to religious aspects not long ago in the ideology of original sins and possession by devils. After going through much of the literature the author noticed that researchers are of two different opinions when it comes to corporal punishment. Some believes corporal punishment is incorporated in effective parenting and required to prevent any individual to develop anti-social behavior while others believe that corporal punishment leads to negative emotions capable of invoking anti-social behavior.... The exhibition of these boiling emotions may not be immediate but they will become evident in later on and as I mentioned earlier the picture varies depending on many different elements. It gives birth to a volcano dormant initially; giving a false sense that the treatment of corporal punishment is working but dilemma arise when countdown stop and explosions begins. It is possible for child to develop hatred and anger towards the person institutionalizing the punishment. So it is very important to identify those who are directly involved to understand their influence on the child. As discussed earlier the first two levels of corporal punishment involve parents and teachers. These two are the main institutions to provide the basic learning and guidance that can invoke consciousness in a child and make him a good person. Imagine if they both are at fault in the mind of that innocent child. The consequences can be disastrous. Not all parents react in same way when their child misbehaves . Some will punish regularly, some rarely and others may not punish them at all but majority falls under the second category. (Straus et al 1994). When corporal punishment is properly planned, controlled and without overwhelming emotions it is called Instrumental Corporate Punishment. On the contrary if it is sudden, uncontrolled and with the outburst of emotions it is said to be Impulsive Corporate Punishment. It has been analyzed by many researches that those parents using Instrumental type often punish them on regular basis hence their children are more receptive. It follows the principle of negative reinforcement. When parents use corporate punishment and child complies, it negatively reinforces parents to stop such

Museum Visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Museum Visit - Essay Example The art shows the events that take place in the voyage journey, and it comprise of the sailors, boat and paddler in a water body. The water body is engraved with the aspect of the rough stormy movements of the water. According to the proponent of the art, it communicates the actual world in which we leave; it challenges our individual view of culture, politics, and consumerism for all spheres of life in a period. The art is presented in reaction to an arena of heroism and abstract expressionism. He depicts and eradicates the ideology that has been gathered over a period and tends to downplay the art originality and adopting various mechanisms of the actual into the realm of the artistic work. Thus, this allows for the endless flow of reproduction of the images in a rapidly changing environment and the world around us. He draws the inspirational representation of the symbolic ideas that have a great impact on individuals and presents the subject matter in a contemporary existence in t he world around us. In the actual world, Andy Warhol presents the art to cover the aspect of experimentation of the world events, our emotional reaction, and an experience that we gather as we relate to the events, subversion and attitude. These require the insightful interpretation of the colors used, the events represented and the general expression that is created in the artwork (Brown-British, active USA, 1831-1913). The message portrayed in the art concerns the dimension of culture, politics and how we relate to them in the process of human life. The sea or the water body as used symbolically represents the daily happening that take place in our environment, the message portrayed is that the events faced in life has two sides. The political, economical, financial and cultural system can be favorable or unfavorable, but the individuals in the environment develop the tools of management of the problems and the challenges. In the literal view of

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics - Assignment Example Obama never hesitated to introduce domestic economic initiatives that would check the economic issues. He requested Congress for an economic stimulus package that is worth more than 800 billion dollars. He requested this grant for dealing with the economic crisis. This grant became an integral part in the President’s economic policy for the nation. As a part of Obama’s economic policy in the United States, he had a discussion with the banking sector to bring new banking policies so that the customers will be benefited. He formulated economic policies that help US come out of the recession. However, certain resources say that no international policies have been started by him. He has also been silent in the topics of world recession. First preference of the president’s economic policy is to upgrade trade relations with other nations. Economic conditions of America went through a difficult phase. Even though US economy has faced a constant  economic  growth, th ey encountered financial crisis before few years. Its economic growth had severely impeded by the recession. Economy of US is considered as the healthiest and fast developing economy. US economy is one of the fast growing economies of the world. US government developed several monetary and fiscal policies that made the nation come out of the grave economic problem. Several actions have been taken to stabilize the economic crunch. Several new economic policies are introduced by the government so that the financial sector is steady enough to handle the nation. New economic policies of the nation are intended to solidify and build up economic growth and productivity. However growth and development are not always evenly distributed in the United States. The economic policy of US strains the equality in healthcare and financial access. Several health insurance programs have been initiates to ensure better healthcare facilities for US residents. The economic policy of the nation is target ed towards making the nation a market oriented economy. In a market oriented economy majority of the decisions are made by private business firms and individuals. Business firms enjoy a great amount of flexibility in the United States. Even the business firms of Japan and Western Europe enjoy such flexibility. Introduction of new products is expected to bring economic growth. Big developments are expected in the fields of aerospace, computers, medical equipment and military equipment. Per capita gross domestic product may experience growth according to the new American economic policy. Underemployment and unemployment rates are expected to decrease. Exports also expect a rise because of the new economic policy. The economic recovery started by the middle of 2009. It got strengthened in the following months. However, the development has not been fast enough to bring a major progress in the job market. The first phase of the economic recovery, in the later months of 2009 and in the ea rly months of 2010, included the stabilization of the financial system and the different effects of the expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. The economic recovery also witnessed a strong boost to production from the various ventures that build their depleted inventories. But economic growth slowed down at a big rate as the impetus from inventory building and fiscal stimulus diminished. Moreover, the debt problems of Europe disturbed the global

The Findings Of Our Group Presentation Social Work Essay

The Findings Of Our Group Presentation Social Work Essay From the findings of our group presentation, it can be said that quality means doing things right, but the things which the operation needs to do right will vary according to the kind of operation. For example, in the hospital, quality could mean making sure that patents get the most appropriate treatment, that the treatment is carried out in a medically correct manner, it would also include such things as ensuring that the hospital is clean, and that the staff are well informed and friendly towards patients. Its not surprising that all operations regard quality as a particularly important object. In some ways quality is the most visible part of what an operation does. Furthermore, its some thing that a customer finds relatively easy to judge about the operation. By asking is it right or wrong? Is it the way its supposed to be? There is some thing fundamental about quality. Because of this, its clearly a major influence on customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Quality then is simple meeting the customer requirements, and this has been expressed in many ways:‘Fitness for purpose or use, ‘Conformance to requirements, and in many other ways. Clearly, part of the acceptability of a service will depend on its ability to function satisfactorily over a period of time, and it is this aspect of performance that is given the name reliability. It is the ability of the service to continue to meet the customer requirements. It is important to realize that the meeting the customer requirements definition of quality is not restrictive to the functional characteristics of services. A report on your contribution to the group and to the work that was presented I contributed a great deal in the planning and writing up of the presentation. Our group communicated amongst itself both efficiently and effectively. Although we gathered on only one occasion outside academic hours as a whole group, the meeting was extremely constructive as we were able to discuss and arrange the main sections of the presentation. My role within the group was to design the slides and research on the topic I was allocated as a member of the group. Firstly, I decided to research on the theory of variation and the Deming cycle, and attempted to link these theories to the results of the care quality commission report on the two care homes of our choice. The other role in the work of the group involved introducing the main points of the presentation and writing up on one of the key points in the conclusion. A report on how the group worked together Group work has been defined by various authors, however Kurland and Salmon (2003) states that for some group work is just another way of talking about teamwork, however, working in groups is often presented as a good way of dividing work and increasing productivity. It can also be argued that it allows for the utilization of the different skills, knowledge and experiences that people have, (Cory and Cory, 2002). Kurland and Salmon (2002) describes team work as partnership, therefore he goes to describe partnership working as a variety of arrangements with different purposes, time scales, structures, operating procedures and members between groups and the community as a whole. Lowndes (2002) adding that partnership/group working achieves what would be difficult or impossible for a single person to do on their own therefore collaborative working is also known as partnership working. However, (Wildridge et al, 2004) argues that partnership working is not in and of itself a good thing. Y alom (2005) claims that for a group work to be effective 10 characteristic should be present: Develop goals and plans, Enhance communication among members, Develop and maintain positive relationships among members, Solve problems and make decisions on a timely basis, Successfully manage conflict, Facilitate productive meetings, Clarify roles for team members, Operate in a productive manner, Exhibit effective team leadershipand Provide development opportunities for team members. Our group work lacked the communication skills, hence working in a group proved difficult. Donovan (2005) states that good communication is critical to effective teamwork; it is far more than talking and listening. It is sometimes a complex and puzzling process. However, effective communication is possible with the right approach, techniques and some practice. Our group could have worked better as a team. The main flaw was our inability to meet up, discuss ideas and become all aware as to which stage of drafting we are. We at times thought different things were occurring and we didnt all pull in the same direction until towards the end when editing the slides.[1] These are the sessions where we worked well as a group. When editing, we looked at the slides and any idea brought up by one of our group members were considered. This process happened several times and this ensured us that we were all happy with the final copy of our presentation. Another disappointing thing about our group was the lack of met deadlines. However, this directly came as a consequence as a lack of deadlines set. Although the work was shared between the group, it was much disorganised as to when it should be done. It was very difficult for this reason to know whether we were ahead or behind schedule with the only dates determined was the final deadline for all work (15/04/2010). My experience in group work has showed that there are many problems that accompany group work that is people dont pull their weight and one person who dont turn up leaving other person to complete the task. There are problems with time management as some people might not attend time set because of other commitment and lack of commitment towards the task resulting in people not doing what was given to them, this is a big de-motivation factor in group as it pulls the whole group down and effects work. The day we met for the first time to prepare our presentation, our strategy involved first gathering all information on Deming using research skills like using reputable sources from the Internet, newspaper and articles for the next meeting. On the first of three meeting we covered what points were relevant and how would we structure the presentation and had an agreement on the type of care home we will use for our presentation. The following week we gathered our research together and highlighted the important and relevant information and set our specific points for each person to cover and what to research, we also began our PowerPoint presentation. My point was to design the slides and prepare a clear explanation of the theory of variation and the Deming cycle. On the final week we brought in our final version on what each of us would cover and finalised the presentation and practice our presentation and corrected each other if there were any faults and gave inputs to each other on how they improve it even further. What I learnt in group work with my colleagues while preparing for presentation that people who have good decision making skills will set a vision of what need to be accomplished and setting a structure of how should we aim to achieve it. This part involves being good at making decisions, as it is very crucial part in-group work and a good academic skill to have. This motivates other to decisions rather then leaving it to the end, as it helpss set a goal to aim for. There are also couple of skills that are crucial they include setting prioritise, communicating between colleague and inter personal skills. For example giving constructive criticism like our group did when we were carrying out presentation to each other.[2] (Rose et al,1989) It could have been wise to adopt Tuckmans literature on group development, based on a meta-analysis of the complex models which had previously been developed. It has the virtue of being memorable, but the limitation of being rather rigid.[3](Tuckman, 1965) [1] Davis,B.G.(2009)(2nd ed.) Tools for teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass [2] Brower,A.M.,Rose,S.D.(1989) Advances in Group work research. London: Eurospan/Haworth. [3] Tuckman,B. (1965) Developmental Sequence in Small Groups Psychological Bulletin 63 pp. 384-399

Anabolic Steroids Essay -- Drugs Veterinarian Biochemistry Essays

Anabolic Steroids Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinical chemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologic conditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individual tests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Like most of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. In the course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination, the removal of the amino group. Deamination, which takes place principally in the liver, results in the formation of ammonia. In the liver, the ammonia is quickly converted to urea, which is relatively nontoxic, and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readily removed through the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Any disease or condition that reduces glomerular filtration or increases protein catabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscle tissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by a nonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a rather consistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into three major categoriesprerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes include heart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethral obstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renal disease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN and creatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff, 1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucose level in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits. Inadequate or excessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucose can affect nearly every system in the body. Low blood gl... ...ecomes less invasive to the patient. The more information that is made available to the doctor allows a faster diagnosis and recovery for the patient. Bibliography Barrie, Joan and Timothy D. G. Watson. â€Å"Hyperlipidemia.† Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. Bistner, Stephen l. Kirk and Bistner’s Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. de Morais, HSA and William W. Muir. â€Å"Strong Ions and Acid-Base Disorders.† Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. Fraser, Clarence M., ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual, Seventh Edition. Rahway, N. J.Merck & Co., 1991. Garrett, Reginald H. and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. Fort WorthSaunders College Publishing, 1995. Lehninger, Albert, David Nelson and Michael Cox. Principles of Biochemistry. New YorkWorth Publishers, 1993. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal PhysiologyAdaptation and environment. New YorkCambridge University Press, 1995. Sodikoff, Charles. Labratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases. Santa BarbaraAmerican Veterinary Publications, 1995.

“Jasper Jones” by Craig Silvey Essay Essay

When Jasper Jones asks Charlie for help, he also asks Charlie to develop a new moral code, one that sees beyond conventional morality to a deeper, more complex understanding of right and wrong. Discuss with close reference to the novel. In the novel Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey, we the reader see the gradual evolution of moral understanding that the young protagonist endures as he observes the morality of others. A cry for help from the town’s half-caste misfit soon triggers the burdening question that the young boy carries with him throughout the novel, the truth emerging as his silent observations strip away faux facades leaving the justice of right and wrong. Charlie is best described as a wallflower, the unlikely hero who seems to shy way from confrontation and perceives the world on the basis of words written by the likes of Harper Lee and Mark Twain. Silvey’s careful composition of the character enables us to perceive the story on an un-biased and open-minded basis. Within the opening chapter, Charlie is placed in an unfamiliar position, challenging his initial thoughts on right and wrong, â€Å"We have drowned her. We are monster†. The young sheltered boy who has committed this act alongside the infamous Jasper Jones begins his journey with an undying sense of uncertainty, but we soon see how Charlie perceives Jasper, his fellow accomplice; â€Å"I think he’s the most honest person in this town†. This bold friendship, formed in secrecy, exposes young Charlie to ever looming maturity, a window into a world that leaves the truth bare and sees the faults that lie within the streets of Corrigan. Charlie has yet to experience this in its full glory but Jasper’s presence trigger the rise of inquisitive questions in young Charlie’s mind. Throughout the novel we see the prominent theme of prejudice and ill-conceived mindsets that the small mining town of Corrigan contains, resulting in outcasts with reputations built on fiction. The wild ways of jasper Jones seems to blanket this town through false sightings and personal accounts. Jasper Jones ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬â€the poster boy for bad behaviour. As Charlie  winces down strong spirits that burn his throat to the pit of his stomach, he listens intently to Jasper’s drunken ramblings, words that leave a deeper meaning in the readers mind. â€Å"†¦nuthin up there that gives a shit if I took a pack of smokes or lifted a tin of beef, I’m left with myself, and I know what’s right and what isn’t.† The beauty of his justification, through the raw eyes of someone who has witnessed the truth behind ‘conventional morality’, leaves a great influence on Charlie. His entire conception of ethics being shattered by Jasperâ€⠄¢s words on small town morality, an empty hollow shell covered with tales of Godly observers who bring fear to mortals, rules set by society which are left insignificant and disregarded by many. Hardship and the knowledge of Corrigan’s conventional morality, a victim of its lies have influenced Jasper’s unique look on ethics. As the novel progresses Charlie begins to evolve into a mature adolescent. Jasper’s influence on Charlie—whether it is from having his first swig of alcohol or changing and broadening his perspective on moral code—is a major element to Charlie’s understanding, as is discovery, mainly of the hypocrisy that runs through the town. Major honorable figures are soon seen as disgraceful citizens who contain contradictory morals, which co-exist nevertheless. Following the beating Jasper receives—without justification—from the Sarge, Charlie remains astounded at the truth †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦if I hadn’t touched the ugly pink pucker with my fingertips, I wouldn’t suspect this man to be the monster he was†. The rate of faux facades that shatter throughout the journey escalate, as does Charlie’s understanding of right and wrong; â€Å"†¦someone mentioned Jasper Jones. The same way they did when the post office burned to the gro und†¦And I understand then that maybe we really did do the wrong thing for the right reason†. This pivotal thought marks the point when Charlie’s uncertainty evaporated, his one dimensional view on justice and morality evolving into a far more complex understating. The novel described as a ‘coming-of-age’ story, is true throughout Charlie’s journey. The development of the character within such a short time frame is conducted through experience and various influences, some which act as building blocks and others that rip away the veil of ignorance. As the novel concludes Charlie joins his fellow accomplice in seeing Corrigan and  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœconventional morals’ in its true light.

Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf in World War II

Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf in World War II Jesse Oldendorf - Early Life Career: Born February 16, 1887, Jesse B. Oldendorf spent his early childhood in Riverside, CA.   After receiving his primary education, he sought to pursue a naval career and succeeded in obtaining an appointment to the US Naval Academy in 1905.   A middling student while at Annapolis, Oley as he was nicknamed, graduated four years later ranked 141st in a class of 174.   As the policy of the time required, Oldendorf commenced two years of sea time prior to receiving his ensigns commission in 1911.   Early assignments included postings to the armored cruiser USS California (ACR-6) and the destroyer USS Preble.   In the years prior to the United States entrance into World War I, he also served aboard USS Denver, USS Whipple, and later returned to California which had been renamed USS San Diego.    Jesse Oldendorf - World War I: Completing an assignment aboard the hydrological survey ship USS Hannibal near the Panama Canal, Oldendorf returned north and later prepared for duty in the North Atlantic following the American declaration of war.   Initially conducting recruiting activities in Philadelphia, he then was assigned to lead a naval armed guard detachment aboard the transport USAT Saratoga.   That summer, after Saratoga was damaged in a collision off New York, Oldendorf transferred to the transport USS Abraham Lincoln where he served as gunnery officer.   He remained aboard until May 31, 1918 when the ship was hit by three torpedoes fired by U-90.   Sinking off the Irish coast, those aboard were rescued and taken to France.   Recovering from the ordeal, Oldendorf was posted to USS Seattle that August as an engineering officer.   He continued in this role until March 1919. Jesse Oldendorf - Interwar Years: Briefly serving as executive officer of USS Patricia that summer, Oldendorf then came ashore and moved through recruiting and engineering assignments in Pittsburgh and Baltimore respectively.   Returning to sea in 1920, he did a short stint aboard USS Niagara before transferring to the light cruiser USS Birmingham.   While aboard, he served as flag secretary to a series of commanding officers of the Special Service Squadron.   In 1922, Oldendorf moved to California to serve as aide to Rear Admiral Josiah McKean, the commandant at Mare Island Navy Yard.   Completing this duty in 1925, he assumed command of the destroyer USS Decatur.   Aboard for two years, Oldendorf then spent 1927-1928 as an aide to the commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Having attained the rank of commander, Oldendorf received an appointment to the Naval War College in Newport, RI in 1928.   Completing the course a year later, he immediately began studies at the US Army War College.   Graduating in 1930, Oldendorf joined USS New York (BB-34) to serve as the battleships navigator.   Aboard for two years, he then returned to Annapolis for an assignment teaching navigation.   In 1935, Oldendorf moved to the West Coast to serve as executive officer of the battleship USS West Virginia (BB-48).   Continuing a pattern of two-year postings, he moved to the Bureau of Navigation in 1937 to oversee recruiting duties before assuming command of the heavy cruiser USS Houston in 1939. Jesse Oldendorf - World War II: Posted to the Naval War College as a navigation instructor in September 1941, Oldendorf was in this assignment when the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.   Leaving Newport in February 1942, he received a promotion to rear admiral the following month and an assignment to lead the Aruba-Curaà §ao sector of the Caribbean Sea Frontier.   Helping to protect Allied commerce, Oldendorf moved to Trinidad in August where he took an active role in anti-submarine warfare.   Continuing to fight the Battle of the Atlantic, he shifted north in May 1943 to lead Task Force 24.   Based at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland, Oldendorf oversaw all convoy escorts in the Western Atlantic.   Remaining in this post until December, he then received orders for the Pacific. Hoisting his flag aboard the heavy cruiser USS Louisville, Oldendorf assumed command of Cruiser Division 4.   Tasked with providing naval gunfire support for Admiral Chester Nimitzs island-hopping campaign across the Central Pacific, his ships went into action in late January as Allied forces landed at Kwajalein.   After aiding in the capture of Eniwetok in February, Oldendorfs cruisers struck targets in the Palaus before conducting bombardment missions to aid troops ashore during the Marianas Campaign that summer.   Transferring his flag to the battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38), he directed the pre-invasion bombardment of Peleliu that September.   In the course of operations, Oldendorf courted controversy when he ended the attack a day early and omitted shelling an obvious Japanese strong point.    Jesse Oldendorf - Surigao Strait: The following month, Oldendorf led the Bombardment and Fire Support Group, part of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaids Central Philippine Attack Force, against Leyte in the Philippines. Reaching its fire support station on October 18 and his battleships began covering General Douglas MacArthurs troops as they went ashore two days later. With the Battle of Leyte Gulf underway, Oldendorfs battleships moved south on October 24 and blocked the mouth of the Surigao Strait.   Arraying his ships in a line across the strait, he was attacked that night by Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimuras Southern Force.   Having crossed the enemys T, Oldendorfs battleships, many of which were Pearl Harbor veterans, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Japanese and sunk the battleships Yamashiro and Fuso.   In recognition of the victory and the preventing the enemy from reaching the Leyte beachhead, Oldendorf received the Navy Cross. Jesse Oldendorf - Final Campaigns: Promoted to vice admiral on December 1, Oldendorf assumed command of Battleship Squadron 1.   In this new role he commanded the fire support forces during the landings at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon in January 1945.   Two months later, Oldendorf was put out of action with a broken collar bone after his barge hit a buoy at Ulithi.   Temporarily replaced by  Rear Admiral Morton Deyo, he returned to his post in early May.   Operating off Okinawa, Oldendorf was again injured on August 12 when Pennsylvania was hit by a Japanese torpedo.   Remaining in command, he transferred his flag to USS Tennessee (BB-43).   With the Japanese surrender on September 2, Oldendorf traveled to Japan where he directed the occupation of Wakayama.   Returning to the United States in November, he assumed command of the 11th Naval District in San Diego. Oldendorf remained in San Diego until 1947 when he moved to the post of Commander, Western Sea Frontier.   Based in San Francisco, he held this position until his retirement in September 1948.   Promoted to admiral as he left the service, Oldendorf later died on April 27, 1974.   His remains were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.     Ã‚        Ã‚   Selected Sources World War II Database: Jesse OldendorfU-boat: Jesse OldendorfFind A Grave: Jesse Oldendorf

Cabaret

Cabaret "Cabaret" combines high drama, realistic if unconventional morality, and strong characters with astounding melodies. It was based on the play "I Am a Camera" by John van Druten. John Kander, the composer of Cabaret pushed the music into serious moral and Musical terrain. With the emergence of popular music threatening his career as a theatre composer he took his chances and tried a new style of musical. 'When popular music seemed to stop caring about theatre music, People who wrote for the theatre stopped writing for the market. The musical naturally became more experimental' (Esther, John). Set in the Kit Kat club where the cabaret encourages you to leave your troubles behind and believe that life is beautiful. This musical confronts the era of Nazism in Germany, even including a Nazi song, 'Tomorrow belongs to me'. The song was somewhat of a surprise for me, for I watched the production with no foreknowledge concerning the play, and thus the powerful "Nazi in your face" feeling of the song shocked me.English: Anne Beate Odland as Sally Bowles in "Cab...When it came out on Broadway in 1966, the Holocaust was still very fresh in everyone's mind, so I can imagine that there were much larger reactions from audiences back then.The story follows the life of Sally Bowles, an English girl, working in the Kit Kat club (although the production I saw seemed to concentrate on the author Cliff and his moral conflicts). The emergence of the Nazi party's power is charted alongside the story of Sally. The musical was no longer singing about how wonderful life is but actually challenging a complex, poignant political era. It was an 'intelligent' musical that was not solely about entertaining but also about thinking and morality. Cabaret also used the theatrical form of 'a show within a show'. While...

Business Planning (Spanish Restaurant) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Business Planning (Spanish Restaurant) - Essay Example The key for gaining success for ALJARAFE restaurant in the market of the UK will be to provide unique as well as contemporary dining experience, to control the expenses and to concentrate of employee retention. Through proper planning, ALJARAFE restaurant will also aim to create an atmosphere where every employee will be satisfied to work and thus, will render greater contribution towards delivering high quality products and services to the ultimate customers. Focusing on this aspect, the report presents a comprehensive business plan including the description of the business, product as well as service offerings, industry analysis, market segmentation, marketing plan, operation plan and key financial requirements as well as projections. With respect to consumer market, the restaurant segment of UK is considered as the fourth biggest segment. It has often been argued that the foodservice segment of the UK is complicated in comparison to grocery retail segment. In accordance with the study of United States Department of Agriculture, the UK’s foodservice segment is divided into two separate dimensions which are ‘profit stores’ and ‘cost stores’. In profit stores, profit acts as the key motivator of business, and thus, pricing of products and services becomes flexible. This type of business approaches can be identified in restaurants, pubs and hotels. On the other hand, in cost stores, prices of products and services are controlled to avail quality goods at lower product cost. This type of businesses can be found in educational institutions, prisons and hospitals. In the UK, restaurants are the most prevalent in foodservice industry. There are numerous independent players which dominate the restaurant segment in the UK. Illustratively, in the year 2004, about 90% of restaurants were signified as independent restaurants (Agriculture & Agri-food Canada, 2011). 2.1 ALJARAFE Restaurant’s Relative Position ALJARAFE restaurant is a proposed restaurant business which will be located in Manchester city, UK. ALJARAFE restaurant will aspire towards being established as a remarkable, fresh and causal Spanish restaurant which will provide variety of food menu with particular appeal to Spanish fragrances. While maintaining rigid principle towards profit generation, the restaurant will also aim to create a notable and rich eating experience for the customers. The legal form of the business would be based on a sole proprietorship model. This legal standing has been selected because it is the

Sexuality is said to be both sacred and ordinary. Would there be any Essay

Sexuality is said to be both sacred and ordinary. Would there be any problems with persons understanding sex only as sacred, or - Essay Example This can be estimated from the fact that in our society, 4 per cent to 5 per cent of the juvenile girls are raped by their fathers, 33 per cent to 50 per cent of the women become the victims of completed or attempted rape and 1 in every 4 girls and 1 in every 9 boys experiences sexual abuse once in the childhood. Thus, criminals are using sex as a major means of violence in the society. A vast majority of women that become the victims of rape tend not to disclose the offence to their relatives or police with the fear of embarrassment and shame. They think that if they do file a case against the offender, it would highlight their sexual identity. Sexual abuse leaves the victim with scars in the mind for the whole life and is one of the major causes of depression among people in America. Much of the widespread sex-based violence can be attributed to the consideration of sex as a very sacred topic that can not be discussed openly. Such an understanding of sex is providing the criminals with innumerable opportunities of creating violence. Besides, consideration of sex only as ordinary and non-sacred topic is no less harmful for the society. This is so because consideration of sex as an ordinary matter is just not consistent with the level of secrecy and personalization ingrained in it. Sex essentially brings two people extremely close to each other physically. If sex is considered ordinary, people would be encouraged to doing sex in public which is against all standards of religion, ethics and humanity. Animals do sex in open. It is the superiority of mankind that makes human sex in public a very heinous idea.

Analysis of Jewish Messianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Jewish Messianism - Essay Example The messianic concept of the Christians believed Jesus to be a messiah or the Son of God. In Christianity, Daniel prophesied that a messiah would come to rebuild the Promised Land and bring peace to Israel by defeating the wicked. The Messiah would be the Son of Man and a descendant of King David and he would redeem the Holy Land from the Philistines. The hope of such a messiah can be traced in the history of the people of Israel. The main difference in the messianic concepts of Judaism and Christianity lies in the fact that in Christianity, Jesus, the Messiah, suffers for the sins of man and has to die to redeem humanity and reconcile it to God’s righteousness. In Jewish messianic beliefs, the Messiah is the upholder of God’s justice and His supremacy. The other point of difference is that unlike Christianity, Judaism does not believe in the resurrection. The traditional belief amongst the Christians that the Messiah must suffer and die for the cause of humanity is not resonated in the Jewish faith. Also, the spread of Christianity and the retaliation reeked by the Romans led the Jews to be skeptical of messiahs. The arrival of the Messiah is a belief that Jews hold very dear and await God’s benediction by following a path of intense piety and puritanical rules. To the Jews, the anointed messiah would bring the world back to God’s ways, restore the religious courts of justice, gather all the exiled under the fold of the holy land, restore the line of David, and so on. When Jesus was unable to realize all these expectations, the concept of Messianism in Christianity changed from being another Jewish messianic sect to a completely new religion.  Ã‚  

A look into history Essay Example for Free

A look into history Essay What would constitute a period in history called a â€Å"Golden Age†? Would the prosperity seen and felt by people make the description adequate? Would a greater sense of freedom in the regions of the world fit the description? How can we describe a â€Å"Golden Age†? In the years of the so-called â€Å"Golden Era†, from 1950-1973, the world saw an unprecedented rise in term of growth, with global averages reaching 4. 9 percent in the period of national Keynesianism (Monthly Review). This period, however, was not an isolated one (Institute of Industrial Relations). The period with the highest national growth rate, from 1935-1950, after an expansion in the previous economic period, 1918-1935, the distance between the two ends of the income distribution became smaller (IRI). Families of workers tried to adjust the loss of distance from the black community by downsizing in terms of number of additions to the family and the use of utilities (IRI). But in order for us to fully grasp the meaning why this period in time is called the Golden Age, we have to frame it beside two other growth periods, one before the age and the one just after it. It must be also noted if there were changes in the period that contributed to the growth of the succeeding growth periods. Before the Golden Age Families in the United States used to see how they have progressed through the years by taking a peek at their family albums, remembering the early years of their parents hard life (Bob Davis David Wessel). During the years of the Age, almost every tier of American life had been extended the benefit of a upbeat and climbing standard of living (Davis Wessel). But again, we must peek farther than the time before this period of unprecedented growth. In the past two centuries the world has seen an era of unhampered growth (Bart van Ark). In the years between 1820 and 1997, the gross domestic product around the world rose at around 2. 2 percent on the average (van Ark). This growth rate was around seven times the growth the world experienced from the preceding period, from 1500to 1820 (van Ark). But as time wore on, the disparity between the recipients of that high growth rate become more and more separated (van Ark). The worlds growth rate accelerated in 1870, and again at the beginning of the Golden Age, in 1950 (van Ark). Since the growth of the worlds economy grew in that time frame, it is not ti be understood that everyone benefited from that growth in equal shares (van Ark). Great Britain, one of the leading powers during the era, learned very well from the lessons of the founder of the capitalist system, Adam Smith (Robert L. Bartley). Smith blieved that raising the economic bar could only be done by practising free and open market principles, that traders and merchants interacting with the consumers will lead to a better share of the economic benefits (Bartley). Agnus Maddison, widely regarded as one of the premier authorities on long-term growth, gives us some insights into the growth engines at the time (Daniel Ben-Ami). In his studies, Maddison points to the year 1820 as one the more impotant inflection periods in the study of the worlds growth (Bartley). Global GDP per capita hadd increased from $420 dollars (1990 value) to about $545 by about the year 1820 (Bartley). The period of 1913-1950 would probably be the most interesting sections of the years before the Golden Age. This period embraces the events of two world wars, the Great Depression, the economic upswing in the 1920s (Bhanoji Rao), and one of the greatest political and bloody historical events in the modern era, the Bolshevik Revolution (Irma Adelman). Both World War one and two reversed the trends for the unrestrained movement of goods, money and migration of people (Rao). But in developing nations, the effects of these events were not felt as much, thus mirroring the differing aspects of the Wars and the Depression (Rao). In the aftermath of the war, large influential movements had espoused the needs for reform, and the captains in the capitalist end of the world were afraid of a return to the time of the Depression (Crotty). What should be seen however in this time before and after the Industrial Revolution was not the disparity in growth rates (Adelman). What was evident during this time was the degree that events bought leading to worldwide economic insecurity and to the global economic framework as a a whole (Adelman). The initiatives aimed at halting the transfer of the economic downturn led to the adoption of very strict global trading and payment methods (Adelman). As the initiatives took hold, tariffs and other quantity restrictions were soon implemented (Adelman). Tight constraints were implemented for the regulation on the movement of workers and capital (Adelman). The value of many currencies tended to be overvalued (Adelman). Rampant and widespread inflation led to the collapse of international payments (Adelman). This development led to the adoption of extreme government concern as to the stability of prices and foreign exchange as it relates to the level of unemployment (Adelman). Shifting to the Golden Era The march toward the golden age of the worlds growth had been marked by a shift from a market-driven and guided economy to one that was basically a government managed type (James Crotty). The era of the Golden age can be characterized by one of swift and widely distributed growth, having for its foundations an increase of control over quality of the markets dictated by the market and vented through the state (Crotty). Rather than a time of markets being centralized, it was a time rather of the markets being embedded in the society, the state rather than an enforcer taking on the role of a guide (Crotty). Agnus Maddison calculated that the worlds GDP rose to an average of 2. 9 percent, hitting 3. 9 percent in Europe and about 8 percent in the European continent (Bartley). The Second World War had spawned a time of demand that was pent -up during the time of the war, as capital and infrastructure was totally wiped out in Japan and on the Continent (Adelman). The command type of economy that was installed during the war, quickly gave way to the reinstitution of the usual framework of capitalism (Adelman). A great aid in the redevelopment of devastated Europe to get the continent up on its feet was the Marshall Plan (Adelman). With this Plan in place, the capital needs and infrastructure needed to jumpstart the economies of Europe were set in motion (Adelman). It was during this time, as stated earlier, that the world was experiencing a high degree of growth (Ben-Ami). In Japan, the Golden Age and the following decades after, the land of the rising sun was identified with the traits of efficiency and the highest levels of manufacturing standards (Terutomo Ozawa). This was exemplified by the low cost in the production of their automobiles nd electronic products (Ozawa). In Europe, the road to recovery was much simpler (Barry Eichengreen). Europe at the time underwent an almost complete transformation in the way they conducted their lives. In the middle of the century, Europes households had heat from burning coal, kept their food fresh with ice, and had no semblance even of basic plumbing. At present, they have gas-fired furnaces for heating, refrigerators to keep their food stuffs, and an endless number of electronic items that will make one dizzy. Incomes of an average European nearly went to three times their value by the turn of the century (Eichengreen). Also, working conditions and hours steadily improved, as time at work was reduced by at least a third, giving a boost to the leisure time of Europeans (Eichengreen). An upswing in the rates of the life expectancy in Europes residents was enhanced by new technological discoveries in health accompanied by a parallel advances in nutrition (Eichengreen). But all was not a pretty picture, as one would think. Levels of the ranks of the unemployed rose. Taxes levied on the people increased. The effects of the destruction of the environment, state repression and consumer spending limits were the order of the day under Eastern Europeans repressive regimes dominated that part of Europe for the next for decades following World War 2 (Eichengreen). But what made the road to recovery relatively easy for Europe? Europe, for its part, didnt have to plan anything new for its rebuilding; it just simply rebuilt. Europe just had to rebuild the damaged or destroyed infrastructure, reinvesting in its capital stock, and redeploying the men that were in the war effort to jobs in peacetime efforts (Eichengreen). This â€Å"catch-up† mentality had demonstrated itself in the utilization of technologies that were not yet in the pipeline, so to speak (Eichengreen). These were the technologies that were developed in the period between the wars, and were used by Europe to sustain its economic juggernaut (Eichengreen). But in the 1930s and 40s, Europe was thrown into an atmosphere of a depressed investment environment (Eichengreen). It was in this period that the United States gained a bit of a headway against their European counterparts. The Americans had outpaced Europe in terms of overall production and levels of productivity. By using the Americans technology, under license, adopting their business philosophies of American mass-production and personnel management, Europe could close the gap on the Americans. Hence was born the concept of â€Å"convergence†, fusing the levels of per capita income and levels of productivity to that of the United States (Eichengreen). But in the generation of wealth, particularly in the aspect of its distribution, not all of Europe could say that they were given an equal share of the pie, so to speak. For example, the northern parts of Europe were gaining faster than their southern counterparts. The same trend went for Western Europe, outpacing Eastern Europe. Eastern Europes woes came a failure of the central planning strategy that was common in the authoritarian governments that dominated that part of the continent. Though these are also important features of the Golden Age in Europe, nevertheless the period marked an era of expanded growth and change on the continent (Eichengreen). The economic machine of the Japanese economy, after the brilliant star of its economic achievements faded, had gone from one that was admired to one that was dealt with indifference, even one thrown pity (Ozawa). This was bought about by the virtues of the Japanese to put into secure positions some of the political interests rather than focusing on the real problems that had dogged the nations economy (Ozawa). In its early steps to climb out of the destruction wrought upon it in the 2nd World War, Japan had adopted its industry to a road of industrial improvement, moving from low value industrial output, gradually moving up to higher levels of value-added goods (Ozawa). But as the years passed, Japan began to remove the protection it afforded to its industries, essentially preparing them for competition (Ozawa). These industries that were left unsheltered were the ones that are the reason for the current state of the Japanese economys morass (Ozawa). Most of the world had been under the Bretton Woods Agreement (Adelman). This agreement was instrumental to the reintroduction to the regime of fixed rate payments, all payments to be based on the value of the dollar (Adelman). This regime was supported by a number of international organizations with the goal of giving some form of flexibility and in the management of foreign exchange inconsistencies (Adelman). After the Golden Era, the period of another growth slowdown was about to rear its head. After the Bubble burst After the Bretton Woods agreement had collapsed and countries and adopted more flexible foreign exchange rates, coupled with the skyrocketing of the price of oil, all these led to the indication that the Golden era was officially over (Rao). This was the era of the â€Å"stagflation† that hit the world in the mid-1970s (Ben-Ami). The Bretton agreement had become quite inadequate in meeting the liquidity requirements of most nations (Adelman). When the agreement eventually broke down, the system was replaced by a unstable, fluctuating means of foreign exchange (Adelman). The currencies of many countries went through a period of devaluation against the American currency (Adelman). But this was only the precursor of the coming storm. Oil prices had tripled their price in 1974, cereals doubled their prices by 1973, and gold prices doubled in the years of 1971-1973 (Adelman). Other problems were beginning to crop up for the world as the age ended. According to the International Labor Organization in its 1995 report on world unemployment, does not dispute the fact the upswing in the worlds economic standing, but it also emphasizes that the world, after the Golden Era, witnessed its GDP cut in half, and the levels of unemployment had reached levels never before seen or to be even though of during the era (Canadian Auto Workers Union). For this reason, economists divide the era into two parts (CAW). The first 25 years at the turn of the century has been called the â€Å"Golden Era†, the second part is called â€Å"The Age of Permanent Insecurity† (CAW). The effects of the downturn were quite visible. Growth rates had been sliced in half, good jobs were the exception rather than the norm, wages did not go up, surpluses were wiped out and social programs introduced at the end of the golden age, were dismantled at a slow but steady pace (CAW). Within a generation, the rate of growth fell to half its previous level, unemployment rates doubled, and decent jobs became the exception. Real wages stopped growing, budget surpluses turned into chronic deficits, and social programs which were proudly introduced near the end of the first period were dismantled in the second slowly at first, but then at an accelerating pace (CAW). The labor market in Canada and other industrialized nations also took a hit, as the unemployment rates hit 9 percent in the latter part of the turn of the century, as compared to the 4. 5 percent average registered in the first half (CAW). In the United States, the Federal budget registered a budget surplus from 1946 to 1970 (CAW). In the years following the Golden Era, the Federal government has never once posted a budget surplus (CAW). The Federal government, for every dollar that it allots for programs, it pays about 63 cents of its earnings to pay for the interest of its debt (CAW). The period after the War was one of significant unheralded growth, born out of the combination of several factors (CAW). Among them was the combination of the development of emerging technologies tapped during the War, the retooling of the war time workplace to be reused for peacetime work, reconstruction of the war torn areas of Europe and in Japan, the demand held in check for so long after the Great Depression and the restraints bought on by the war, and the new found competitive situation that it has found with Communist states (CAW). The War had asked from the citizens a great amount of sacrifice, these sacrifices led to the demand for the upgrading for the peoples living conditions, equity and concerns for their security concerns (CAW). These concessions were won over by the labor movement from very jittery corporations (CAW). But how does this relate to the downturn of the Golden Era? After The Golden Era, what happened? The concessions that the workers had gained from the corporations had produced a contradiction for them (CAW). In the case of Japan and Europe, after they had reconstructed from the destruction of the war and had strengthened their economies, was building a contradictory effect for the corporations (CAW). Once the economies were put back on line, the competition of the industrialized countries again began once again on the uptake (CAW). This upswing of the economies of capitalist industries put some amount of pressure on the companies profits (CAW). The companies in turn tried all efforts to put up a hedge around their profits (CAW), which companies then transferred these pressures from competition on the workers themselves (CAW). Since the workers felt secure and bold enough to challenge any initiative to be pressured in the workplace, the companies transformed these workers from mainly being employees to consumers, increasing their prices to keep their profit margins (CAW). The workers, feeling the pinch of the higher prices, asked the companies for the increases in their wages to match the increases that the companies imposed (CAW). This initiated the cycle of price escalation (CAW). The price increases had a negative impact on the global competitiveness of the corporations (CAW). As a result of such developments, inflationary pressures set in (CAW). The companies had to find ways to stay viable while contending with the workers, who were becoming hindrances to the company in terms of supervision over the workplace. As such, the companies had to choose, between the companies insatiable drive for profit and the needs of the society and the workers, the workers and society lost (CAW). Here is the start of the end of the Golden Era, where the share of the wealth began to be hoarded, rather than shared. Works Cited Adelamn, Irma. The genesis of the current global system. http://are. berkeley. edu/~adelman/KEYNOTE. html van Ark, Bart. 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